Psychology From An Islamic Perspective Pdf
Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists Author(s): Amber Haque Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 4 (Winter, 2004), pp. 357-377 Published by: Springer Stable URL:. Accessed: 06:45 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at.
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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact.Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Religion and Health.content downloaded on Mon, 7 Jan 2013 06:45:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsJournal of Religion and Health, Vol. 4, Winter 2004 (? 2004)fromPsychologyContributionsPerspective: of Early andIslamicMuslimScholars toChallengesMuslimContemporary Psychologists AMBERHAQUEor wrote nature it Ilm-al Nafsiat about human and called extensively Early Muslims seem to be the original In many their works ideas for many modern cases, day is interesting What however theories and practices. Is that a lot of what the early psychological covers major wrote was blended with Islamic and religious scholars ideas.
This paper philosophyABSTRACT:self-knowledge.contributions of prominent to psychology and outlines the challenges faced scholars early Muslim on to the Western in adapting theories. It also offers a few recommendations by today's Muslims the indigenization of psychology for Muslim in seeking societies interested the Islamic perspective on human behaviors.KEYWORDS:chologists;Islamicindeginouspsychology;earlyMuslimscholars;of psychology;historyMuslimpsypsychology.Islam is a major world religion and there are growing numbers in of Muslims in the west, North America where the Muslim esti particularly population 4 and 6 million mates and Hussain, range between (Haddad, 1991; Hussain seen in The rise the Muslim in the last has been 1996). Sharpest population of and to decades continues the of grow steadily. Couple growth Although or is not higher Muslims to other ethnic in interest compared religious groups, Islam and Muslims has risen significantly after the September 11th incidents in America. On Muslims Besides information from the media, the social science is now replete with literature the socio-political of Arab/Muslim cul aspects tures. A meager amount on the psychological of writings is also available issuesrelevant2002; Reichfor this minority community (Haque, and Paloutzian, the increase 2001). WithAmber Haque, Departmentand Shah, 2004; Murken in of Muslim populationof Psychology, UAE University, AL Ain, United Arab Emirates,Malaysia.
2004 Blanton-PealeThis content downloaded on Mon, 7 Jan 2013 06:45:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsInstitute358Journal of Religion and Healthin this minority and interest of social scientists America it has be community, on issues related come imperative that the Islamic worldview to psychology is in the mainstream literature. An inquiry into the intellectual introduced tradi tion of Muslimabout humanbeliefsnaturefor persons in the helping be revealing in practice, clients Muslim teachingof treatment would and methodology are who professions likely to encounter or research. While many Muslims areheavily influenced by the Qur'an (Muslim holy book) and sayings of Prophet Muhammad, contributedsome are also in the realminfluenced by the works of early Muslim scholars who of natural sciences. Makes and social What such con are on or based Islamic philosophy the concept of they can go a long way as a part of of Islamic perspectivesis that tributions unique Unity of God. Knowledge clinicians for mainstream and researchers. This cultural training sensitivity of early Muslim scholars to the contributions (universal figures) paper explores western to and the dilemmas Muslim by posed highlights psychology psychology and clients followed by some general recommendations. Professionals The term 'early' era after the death lizationin the title of this paper of Prophet Muhammadthe first significant Muslim civi (632 AD).
The rise of Islamic from 7th century AD lasted up to theof Muslimsand culturedenotesstarting for purposes of brevity Is and also because century in the 14th sciences and philosophy gave way to other schools starting to psychology Muslim until the this paper highlights contributions century, death. Early Muslim scholars 10th century or about 400 years after Prophet's in the area of human the term 'psy wrote psychology, although, extensively were a part of such at time and endeavors did not exist that mostly chology' early lamicphilosophical or soul) was manAD However,19thnature.In the writings of Muslim writings. Individual used to denote personality a broad range Nafs encompassesthe term Nafs (self scholars, and the term fitrah for huof topics the qalb including irada and the (will).1 (intellect) Many early Muslim (heart), (spirit), aql or indirectly to the study of the 'self. Contributed scholars directly under which Muslim If we examine the historical scholarship background we arose which under the umbrella of philosophy, will it find that developed, areas in most sim of human almost all Philosophy, enquiry. Encompassed the ruhIt of all things, both divine and human.2 plistic terms, refers to the knowledge was during became the Alexandria and that the 8th and 9th centuries Syria center of philosophy influenced mainly thought and also to some by the Greek a caliph from the extent by Indian and Persian (813-933), thought.
Al-Mamun into in getting translated Greek works interest showed Abbassid dynasty, a philosophical Baitul Hikmah that stimu academy on philosophical is scholars in and discussions among Muslim commentaries in of Greek translations works, sues, resulting philosophical were areas of knowledge. At Muslims in many treatises and some original verses reasons that the for to of field the tracted Qur'anic including philosophyArabic.Helatedinterestexhortmanafter;the hadith3establishedto thinkaboutexistence,of the Prophetnature,emphasizingqualities valuesof God, and of knowledge4This content downloaded on Mon, 7 Jan 2013 06:45:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditionsthe here andalsoAmber359Haguewho had prior attachment with philosophy. The initial to reason in order to understand the nature of things was led to the two major schools, i.e., Mutabilit?s (rationalists)5 or the and Asharites and many other smaller (traditionalists orthodox)6 schools that are beyond the scope of our discussion.
Al-Mamun of course, was adueto theconvertsefforts of Muslims that called Kalamstaunchsupporterof the Mutaziliteschoolthatfavoredreligion. Things including a distinction here to make It is also important between as the two are not necessarily mic philosophy the same. Refers to the works of those Muslim generally philosophyin allrationalism MuslimandIslaterm Muslim thinkers who were Thehighly influenced by Greek thought whether or not they liked it. It includes and other metaphysics but of different schools Thenot only of the early scholars concepts philosophical of thought that emerged within Islam over the years. Of Muslim characteristic is that it blended philosophy foreign a with Islamic in in the Hellenistic thought resulting changeuniquephilosophies philosophy Christianto the Greeks opposed Muslims dogmas, religious actually wrote in areas Muslim philosophers itself.losophy.
Psychology From An Islamic Perspective Pdf Art
Tween religionAswhohadrevoltedfromthereconciled religion with phi such as: (a) Relationship be (c) Proofs of God's existence,and philosophy, (b) First Cause, of Creation and (e) Theory in the and Evolution, of Soul. While Muslim concerned with itself is beginning, philosophy mainly theological its second phase led to the development of mysticism. In the third sues, is characterized the Muslim scholars by philosophy proper, phase, which to as as psy contributed the natural sciences As far well.7 significantly see we is the of contributions Muslim scholars at each concerned, chology (d) Theorythe nature and extent of their contributions both varied and although term narrower The Islamic is in and draws overlapped. Philosophy approach from Qur'an ideas mainly and Hadith. It is related to the external (Shariya) as well as the hidden meaning of the Qur'an of its verses. Aspects (Haqiqah) stage,an endeavor to get to this Haqiqah, is actually which is the sole reality and the only truth as well as the ultimate goal of Islamic It is well known that almost all early Muslim scholars philosophy. Including Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd were made of atheism (be against whom charges cause of their Aristotelian of the world found co-eternal) conception being Islamicphilosophyfrom the Islamic sources.
Inspiration primarily The significant and continuous over the of Muslim contributions scholars centuries show that the Occident inherited Islamic discoveries and thought more than the Greek It was cultural and intellectual thought. Globalization into the West world for over 1,000 years. As we imported from the Muslim are in there words the know, many English language today that are derived from Arabic, for instance, algebra, admiral, cipher, amalgam, alcohol, alcove, of Arabs on Western the influence culture. Coffee, etc., showing Islamic sciences started to decline in the 14th century mainly because of theclosing of Ijtihad (free interpretation) that led to freezing of the knowledgeThis content downloaded on Mon, 7 Jan 2013 06:45:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions360Journalwasfrom whatof this Proponents was best understoodknown. To knowalreadyMuslimswhateveroughtthat theory suggested at the time of revela Traditionalists believed that newof the Prophet.
Tion and by the companions a practice to would haram considered lead innovation, knowledge in Islam. However, between there is a Hadith good distinguishing innovation.and badIslamicRecentand Healthof Religionscholarshaveclarifiedthat(forbidden) innovation ininnovationis prohibited in the area of religion and not in the area of sciences. While came to a halt for several of Muslims contributions there scientific centuries, were some philosophical contributions between 14th and by Islamic thinkers Sheikh Ahmad 19th centuries, Mohammad e.g., Shah Waliullah, Sirhind, Islametc. Other factors leading to the from Arabia, Iqbal from India, Abd al Wahhab are attributed of Islamic sciences to the colonization and civilization downfall in adoption of Western of the Muslim world resulting culture by the elites. Ablind imitation of the West own not e.g.,resulted in young Muslimslosing faith in theirPulled from two different directions and cultures.
Or master Some either civilization. Muslim comprehendcivilization fullyFaruqi(1982)blamealsotheseculareducationsystemthey andcouldscholars, secularupbringing combined with a lack of vision that led to the intellectual crisis the Muslims. Among to explore it is necessary of Muslim the contributions One might ask why are for relevant scholars who lived centuries ago and how such contributions time. There are in fact, several benefits from this endeavor. To the present of the rich oblivious legacy of their ancestors generally were generally based on Islamic principles and relevant of all and in majority of the cases, and places. Most important was and to Divine thus believed injunctions knowledge guided byare day's Muslims whose contributions for all times Islamictheir be free thefrom humanearly Muslimerrors. Scholarswe also find that it was of psychology, and theories many originated psychological a lot is written about their works, not much isIn the area whotoday.
While prevalent available the English in language. Readily on the description nature of self and human accounts The written given by as can as 800 until year 1100 AD Muslim found from scholars be early early is more of a survey or that this paper to emphasize AD.9 The author wishes an these of the contributions of scholars and outline rather than study in-depth on a as works of these research the act for further should catalyst original practiceson Muslim to contributions that the literature It should be noted on The author has relied primarily is really sparse and scattered. Psychology re written the books on Muslim/Islamic by various monographs philosophy, and translations of relevant materials from Arabic books furnished searches by certain the various students. While author's postgraduate sources, researching scholars.citations?a have been in this paper may proper copied without phrases own. Of and The birth death of the author's that is year shortcoming entirely on dates have relied the in I is different scholars these places. Given differently Leaman Nasr and of Islamic Philosophy (1996). By given in the HistoryThis content downloaded on Mon, 7 Jan 2013 06:45:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsAmber361HagueAl Ash'ath Bin Qais Al-Kindi (801-866) as the first Muslim is considered from Baghdad (Latin, Alchendius) more titles books and short trea wrote 239 He than including philosopher.
Are: to On First and Those related tises. Dreams, Philosophy, Sleep psychology 'Sorrow' as 'a spiritual of Sorrow. Kindi and the Eradication explained or by (Nafsani) by loss of loved ones or personal belongings, grief causedAl Kindifailure in obtaining what one lusts after.' He then added, 'If causes of pain are recom the cures can be found (Hamarnah, 1984, p. Kindi discernable, of what is that if we do not tolerate mended losing or dislike being deprived in the world of the intellect. In it dear to us, then we should seek after riches our precious we should treasure and cherished gains where they can never be is owned by our senses that which could easily be taken dispossessed.for we us sorrow not is within He said that from us.'
Away bring it upon ourselves. To discussed of combat functions and He used cognitive depression strategies in human He reminded that the the soul and intellectual beings.
Operations of Commentators souls through the act of the will develop a good constitution. WorksKindi's partlyhavefrom Aristotle,indicatedthate.g. His writingshe drew his observations on Dreams and Intellectand writings are taken fromAristotelian and Platonic ideas.
Kindi writes in his epistle On the Soul that it a synopsis of the larger works of both Aristotle and Plato.10 He also and lower worlds. The upper world the the While between upper distinguished of uncreated like the nature and the consists intellect, soul, the lower beings like Body, Creation, matter of created beings and Form that world comprises are finite. He mentioned that God cannot be understood that by intellect is basicallyactuallyled to 'negativetheology'.Ali Ibn Sahl Rabban At-Tabari (838-870) a Persian which development, a medical basicallyAt-Tabari,in the field of child and a Muslim convert, was a pioneer in book is his al Firdaus he elucidated Firdaus Hikmah. Text that is divided into 7 sections and 30 treatises (360 ancient discusses Indian texts in this book and refers to theTabari chapters). Of Sushtra contributionsin relation and Chanakya 1984).
He also emphasized (Hamarnah, psychotherapy to be smart and witty therapy and urged the physicians feel better. People frequently feel sick due to delusive but the competent doctor can treat them by explained,to medicine including the need for psycho to make their patients at-Tabari imagination, He 'wise counseling'.relates the story of a practitioner who would ask his patient 'did you eat or watermelon' season of the such fruits. Such intuitive grapes ques during tions would win the rapport and confidence of the patient and would lead to a outcome. Ties between At-Tabari therapeutic positive strong emphasized medicine. And psychologyThis content downloaded on Mon, 7 Jan 2013 06:45:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions362JournalAbu Zaid Al-Balkhiand Healthof Religion(850-934)Abu Zaid al-Balkhi is probably the first cognitive and medical psychologist wasneuroses between to differentiate and psychoses, to in and show neurotic detail how rational and spiritual disorders, classify can be used to treat each one of his classified Al disorders. Cognitive therapies neuroses Balkhi into four emotional classified disorders: fear and anxiety, sadness and depression, and obsessions. He also com anger and aggression,whoto clearlyablewiththeir interaction in disorders and showed as a He that person psychosomatic suggested just healthy some drugs and First Aid medicines for unexpected nearby keeps physical he should also keep healthy and feelings in his mind for emergencies, thoughts paresphysicalpsychological disorders.causingoutbursts.emotionalAl-Balkhisaid thatit is the balancebetween cause imbalance will body brings a al-Balkhi said that the treatment of sickness.
Furthermore, body follows with to the imbalance, and reciprocal e.g., fe respect opposite approaches chill?heat. This approach is caDed 'al-ilaj bi al-did' which ver?cold surface, inhibition' introduced is similar in to the term 'reciprocal by Joseph Wolpe into three kinds: everyday 1969. Al-Balkhi classified normal huzn depression or sadness, is today known as normal which endogenous depression, depresunexpected the mindandsionreactiveandbody whilereactivethataboutdepression.EndogenousdepressionAbu Bakr Mohammadoriginatedhealthandtheoriginated depression outside the body.withintheIbn Zakariya Al-Razi (864-932)as Rhazes in the West, Al-Razi known promoted psychotherapy, from comments out that hopeful al-Tabari. He like his mentor, pointed just and made them feel doctors better, promoted encouraged speedier patients, that an unexpected has a outburst believed recovery. Al-Razi high emotional on and disor effect curative psychological, psychosomatic organic quickA Persianmedicine and also of prognosis and psychosomatic He was a master on measure a wrote to how treatise Al-Razi although anatomy.
Intelligence, or al of this work could not be found. His Kitab al-Hawi translation English ever in Islamic medicine and he written is the longest work Hawi fit-Tibb ders.11wasas a medicalrecognizedthiscompendium, scholars with hisIn in the West up to the 18th century. Authority medical and Arab Razi of Greek compares opinions own and unlike of his time he crit certain other scholarsGreek scholars. And Galen, the celebrated of Hippocrates a book on hospital include Mujarabbat, of al-Razi works a book on medicinal al-Tibb al-Mansuri, art, and al-Tibb healing experiences, ills and to treat the moral he discusses where ways al-Ruhani, psychological on wrote medical that sound of the human depends practice spirit. He as a as its brain the and soul substance and treated thinking independent icizedthe worksSomeof theotherThis content downloaded on Mon, 7 Jan 2013 06:45:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsAmber363Haguethat He also wrote instrument. Reason for better mental health.Abu Nasr Mohammad Al Farabi, He wrotealso known histreatiseCity.
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Al FarabiModelreligiouscompulsionscan beovercomebyIbn Al-Farakh (Al-Farabi) (870-950) or Abynazar as Alpharabius, was Turkish. Avenasser, on Social Psychology, most renowned of which is his stated that an isolated individual could not achieve allthe aid of other individuals. The perfections It is the innate by himself, without man or men to join another human being of every other in the labor disposition to perform.