1. Passed Vs Past Quiz

Top synonyms for past due (other words for past due) are delay in payment, postdated and overdue. Past due synonyms - similar meaning - 167. The word passed can function as an adjective or as part of a verb phrase. The word past can function as an adjective, noun, adverb, or preposition. Both examples I listed are technically correct; however, the intended wording of the second example is awkward, and so I would go with the first. By three of the Word MVPs for more on calculated dates in VBA. Rob asked: I have created a template that requires a date from to date to field. 12/1/00 to 12/7/00. Basically I want it to be the weeks beginning date to the weeks ending date. I want this data automatically filled each time the user creates a new document using the template.

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.—History (from ἱστορία, historia, meaning 'inquiry; acquired by investigation') is the past as it is described in documents, and the study thereof. Events occurring before written records are considered. 'History' is an that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called.History also includes the which uses a to examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them.

The title page toHistorians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, and sometimes write to provide lessons for their own society. In the words of, 'All history is contemporary history'. History is facilitated by the formation of a 'true discourse of past' through the production of narrative and analysis of past events relating to the human race. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional production of this discourse.All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record. The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the historian's archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents (by falsifying their claims to represent the 'true past').The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the and at other times as part of the. It can also be seen as a bridge between those two broad areas, incorporating methodologies from both.

Some individual historians strongly support one or the other classification. In the 20th century, French revolutionized the study of history, by using such outside disciplines as, and in the study of global history.Traditionally, historians have recorded events of the past, either in writing or by passing on an, and have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents and oral accounts. From the beginning, historians have also used such sources as monuments, inscriptions, and pictures. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three.

But writing is the marker that separates history from what comes before.is a discipline that is especially helpful in dealing with buried sites and objects, which, once unearthed, contribute to the study of history. But archaeology rarely stands alone. It uses narrative sources to complement its discoveries.

However, archaeology is constituted by a range of methodologies and approaches which are independent from history; that is to say, archaeology does not 'fill the gaps' within textual sources. Indeed, 'historical archaeology' is a specific branch of archaeology, often contrasting its conclusions against those of contemporary textual sources. For example, Mark Leone, the excavator and interpreter of historical, USA; has sought to understand the contradiction between textual documents and the material record, demonstrating the possession of slaves and the inequalities of wealth apparent via the study of the total historical environment, despite the ideology of 'liberty' inherent in written documents at this time.There are varieties of ways in which history can be organized, including chronologically, territorially, and thematically.

These divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in 'The International Women's Movement in an Age of Transition, 1830–1975.' It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the modern trend has been toward specialization. The area called resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends. History has often been studied with some practical or aim, but also may be studied out of simple intellectual curiosity. History and prehistory↑. Further information:The is the memory of the past of around the world, as that experience has been preserved, largely in written records. By 'prehistory', historians mean the recovery of knowledge of the past in an area where no written records exist, or where the writing of a culture is not understood.

By studying painting, drawings, carvings, and other artifacts, some information can be recovered even in the absence of a written record. Since the 20th century, the study of prehistory is considered essential to avoid history's implicit exclusion of certain civilizations, such as those of and America.

Historians in the West have been criticized for focusing disproportionately on the. In 1961, British historian wrote:The line of demarcation between prehistoric and historical times is crossed when people cease to live only in the present, and become consciously interested both in their past and in their future. History begins with the handing down of tradition; and tradition means the carrying of the habits and lessons of the past into the future. Records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations.This definition includes within the scope of history the strong interests of peoples, such as and New Zealand in the past, and the oral records maintained and transmitted to succeeding generations, even before their contact with European civilization.Historiography.

The title page to La Historia d'ItaliaHistoriography has a number of related meanings. Firstly, it can refer to how history has been produced: the story of the development of and practices (for example, the move from short-term biographical narrative towards long-term thematic analysis).

Secondly, it can refer to what has been produced: a specific body of historical writing (for example, 'medieval historiography during the 1960s' means 'Works of medieval history written during the 1960s'). Thirdly, it may refer to why history is produced: the. As a analysis of descriptions of the past, this third conception can relate to the first two in that the analysis usually focuses on the narratives, interpretations, use of evidence, or method of presentation of other historians. Professional historians also debate the question of whether history can be taught as a single coherent narrative or a series of competing narratives.

Philosophy of history. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged. ( January 2016) Philosophy of history is a branch of philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of human history. Furthermore, it speculates as to a possible teleological end to its development—that is, it asks if there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the processes of human history. Philosophy of history should not be confused with historiography, which is the study of history as an academic discipline, and thus concerns its methods and practices, and its development as a discipline over time. Nor should philosophy of history be confused with the, which is the study of the development of philosophical ideas through time.Historical methods.

Historical method basicsThe following questions are used by historians in modern work. When was the source, written or unwritten, produced ?. Where was it produced ?.

By whom was it produced ?. From what pre-existing material was it produced ?.

In what original form was it produced ?. What is the evidential value of its contents ?The first four are known as; the fifth,; and, together, external criticism. The sixth and final inquiry about a source is called internal criticism.The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which use and other evidence to research and then to.of (484 BC – ca.425 BC) has generally been acclaimed as the 'father of history'. However, his contemporary (c. 400 BC) is credited with having first approached history with a well-developed historical method in his work the.

Thucydides, unlike Herodotus, regarded history as being the product of the choices and actions of human beings, and looked at, rather than as the result of divine intervention. In his historical method, Thucydides emphasized chronology, a neutral point of view, and that the human world was the result of the actions of human beings.

Greek historians also viewed history as, with events regularly recurring.There were historical traditions and sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval. The groundwork for professional historiography in was established by the court historian known as (145–90 BC), author of the ( Shiji). For the quality of his written work, Sima Qian is posthumously known as the Father of.

Chinese historians of subsequent dynastic periods in China used his Shiji as the official format for, as well as for biographical literature. was influential in and at the beginning of the medieval period.

Through the Medieval and periods, history was often studied through a or religious perspective. Around 1800, German philosopher and historian brought and a more approach in historical study.In the preface to his book, the (1377), the and, warned of seven mistakes that he thought that historians regularly committed. In this criticism, he approached the past as strange and in need of interpretation. The originality of Ibn Khaldun was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past.

Ibn Khaldun often criticized 'idle and uncritical acceptance of historical data.' As a result, he introduced a to the study of history, and he often referred to it as his 'new science'.

His historical method also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of, and in history, and he is thus considered to be the 'father of historiography' or the 'father of the philosophy of history'.In the West, historians developed modern methods of historiography in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in France and Germany. In 1851, summarized these methods:From the successive strata of our historical deposits, they Historians diligently gather all the highly colored fragments, pounce upon everything that is curious and sparkling and chuckle like children over their glittering acquisitions; meanwhile the rich veins of wisdom that ramify amidst this worthless debris, lie utterly neglected. Cumbrous volumes of rubbish are greedily accumulated, while those masses of rich ore, that should have been dug out, and from which golden truths might have been smelted, are left untaught and unsoughtBy the 'rich ore' Spencer meant scientific theory of history. Meanwhile expressed a dream of history becoming one day science:In regard to nature, events apparently the most irregular and capricious have been explained and have been shown to be in accordance with certain fixed and universal laws.

This have been done because men of ability and, above all, men of patient, untiring thought have studied events with the view of discovering their regularity, and if human events were subject to a similar treatment, we have every right to expect similar resultsContrary to Buckle's dream, the 19th-century historian with greatest influence on methods became in Germany. He limited history to “what really happened” and by this directed the field further away from science. For Ranke, historical data should be collected carefully, examined objectively and put together with critical rigor. But these procedures “are merely the prerequisites and preliminaries of science. The heart of science is searching out order and regularity in the data being examined and in formulating generalizations or laws about them.”As Historians like Ranke and many who followed him have pursued it, no, history is not a science.

Thus if Historians tell us that, given the manner in which he practices his craft, it cannot be considered a science, we must take him at his word. If he is not doing science, then, whatever else he is doing, he is not doing science. The traditional Historian is thus no scientist and history, as conventionally practiced, is not a science.In the 20th century, academic historians focused less on epic nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the nation or, to more objective and complex analyses of social and intellectual forces. A major trend of historical methodology in the 20th century was a tendency to treat history more as a rather than as an, which traditionally had been the case. Some of the leading advocates of history as a social science were a diverse collection of scholars which included,. Many of the advocates of history as a social science were or are noted for their multi-disciplinary approach.

Braudel combined history with geography, Bracher history with political science, Fogel history with economics, Gay history with psychology, Trigger history with archaeology while Wehler, Bloch, Fischer, Stone, Febvre and Le Roy Ladurie have in varying and differing ways amalgamated history with sociology, geography, anthropology, and economics. Nevertheless, these multidisciplinary approaches failed to produce a theory of history. So far only one theory of history came from the pen of a professional Historian. Whatever other theories of history we have, they were written by experts from other fields (for example, Marxian theory of history). More recently, the field of has begun to address ways of using computer technology to pose new questions to historical data and generate digital scholarship.In sincere opposition to the claims of history as a social science, historians such as, and argued that the key to the historians' work was the power of the, and hence contended that history should be understood as an art.

French historians associated with the introduced quantitative history, using raw data to track the lives of typical individuals, and were prominent in the establishment of (cf. Intellectual historians such as, and have argued for the significance of ideas in history. American historians, motivated by the civil rights era, focused on formerly overlooked ethnic, racial, and socio-economic groups.

Another genre of to emerge in the post-WWII era was (History of Everyday Life). Scholars such as, and sought to examine what everyday life was like for ordinary people in 20th-century Germany, especially in the period.such as, and have sought to validate 's theories by analyzing history from a Marxist perspective. In response to the Marxist interpretation of history, historians such as, and have offered anti-Marxist interpretations of history. Historians such as, and have argued for the importance of studying the experience of women in the past.

In recent years, have challenged the validity and need for the study of history on the basis that all history is based on the personal interpretation of sources. In his 1997 book In Defence of History, defended the worth of history. Another defence of history from post-modernist criticism was the Australian historian 's 1994 book, The Killing of History.Marxian theory of history. Main article:The of theorises that society is fundamentally determined by the material conditions at any given time – in other words, the relationships which people have with each other in order to fulfill basic needs such as feeding, clothing and housing themselves and their families. Overall, and claimed to have identified five successive stages of the development of these material conditions in.

Was once orthodoxy in the Soviet Union, but since the collapse of communism there in 1991, Mikhail Krom says it has been reduced to the margins of scholarship. Main article:Historical study often focuses on events and developments that occur in particular blocks of time. Historians give these names in order to allow 'organising ideas and classificatory generalisations' to be used by historians. The names given to a period can vary with geographical location, as can the dates of the beginning and end of a particular period. And are commonly used periods and the time they represent depends on the used. Most periods are constructed retrospectively and so reflect value judgments made about the past. The way periods are constructed and the names given to them can affect the way they are viewed and studied.

Prehistoric periodisationThe field of history generally leaves prehistory to the archaeologists, who have entirely different sets of tools and theories. The usual method for periodisation of the distant past, in is to rely on changes in material culture and technology, such as the, and and their sub-divisions also based on different styles of material remains. Here prehistory is divided into a series of 'chapters' so that periods in history could unfold not only in a relative chronology but also narrative chronology. This narrative content could be in the form of functional-economic interpretation.

There are periodisation, however, that do not have this narrative aspect, relying largely on relative chronology and, thus, devoid of any specific meaning.Despite the development over recent decades of the ability through and other scientific methods to give actual dates for many sites or artefacts, these long-established schemes seem likely to remain in use. In many cases neighbouring cultures with writing have left some history of cultures without it, which may be used. Periodisation, however, is not viewed as a perfect framework with one account explaining that 'cultural changes do not conveniently start and stop (combinedly) at periodisation boundaries' and that different trajectories of change are also needed to be studied in their own right before they get intertwined with cultural phenomena.

Geographical locationsParticular locations can form the basis of historical study, for example,. Understanding why historic events took place is important. To do this, historians often turn to.

According to in his book Histoire de France (1833), 'without geographical basis, the people, the makers of history, seem to be walking on air.' Weather patterns, the water supply, and the landscape of a place all affect the lives of the people who live there. For example, to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization, studying the is essential. Egyptian civilization was built on the banks of the Nile River, which flooded each year, depositing soil on its banks. The rich soil could help farmers grow enough crops to feed the people in the cities.

Passed Vs Past Quiz

That meant everyone did not have to farm, so some people could perform other jobs that helped develop the civilization. There is also the case of climate, which historians like and Allen Semple, cited as a crucial influence on the course of history and racial temperament. Main article:Social history, sometimes called the new social history, is the field that includes history of ordinary people and their strategies and institutions for coping with life. In its 'golden age' it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments. In two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, while the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%. In the history departments of British universities in 2007, of the 5723 faculty members, 1644 (29%) identified themselves with social history while came next with 1425 (25%).The 'old' social history before the 1960s was a hodgepodge of topics without a central theme, and it often included political movements, like Populism, that were 'social' in the sense of being outside the elite system. Social history was contrasted with, and the history of.

English historian saw it as the bridging point between economic and political history, reflecting that, 'Without social history, economic history is barren and political history unintelligible.' While the field has often been viewed negatively as history with the politics left out, it has also been defended as 'history with the people put back in.'

SubfieldsThe chief subfields of social history include:.Smaller specialties include:.Cultural history. Main article:Cultural history replaced as the dominant form in the 1980s and 1990s. It typically combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at language, popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people. How peoples constructed their memory of the past is a major topic.Cultural history includes the study of as well is the study of images and human visual production. Diplomatic history. Main article:focuses on the relationships between nations, primarily regarding diplomacy and the causes of wars.

More recently it looks at the causes of peace and human rights. It typically presents the viewpoints of the foreign office, and long-term strategic values, as the driving force of continuity and change in history. This type of political history is the study of the conduct of between states or across state boundaries over time. Historian Muriel Chamberlain notes that after the First World War, 'diplomatic history replaced constitutional history as the flagship of historical investigation, at once the most important, most exact and most sophisticated of historical studies.' She adds that after 1945, the trend reversed, allowing social history to replace it.Economic history.

Main articles: andAlthough economic history has been well established since the late 19th century, in recent years academic studies have shifted more and more toward economics departments and away from traditional history departments. Deals with the history of individual business organizations, business methods, government regulation, labour relations, and impact on society.

It also includes biographies of individual companies, executives, and entrepreneurs. It is related to economic history; Business history is most often taught in business schools.

Environmental history. See also: andWorld history is the study of major civilizations over the last 3000 years or so. World history is primarily a teaching field, rather than a research field. It gained popularity in the United States, Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds.It has led to highly controversial interpretations by and, among others.The World History Association publishes the Journal of World History every quarter since 1990.

The H-World discussion list serves as a network of communication among practitioners of world history, with discussions among scholars, announcements, syllabi, bibliographies and book reviews.People's history. Main article:A is a type of historical work which attempts to account for historical events from the. A people's history is the history of the world that is the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. Individuals or groups not included in the past in other type of writing about history are the primary focus, which includes the, the, the, the, and the otherwise forgotten people.

The authors are typically on the left and have a socialist model in mind, as in the approach of the movement in Britain in the 1960s. Intellectual history. Main article:is a sub-field of History and, which looks at the past from the perspective of. It is in many ways, an outgrowth of.

Despite its relatively short life, Gender History (and its forerunner Women's History) has had a rather significant effect on the general study of history. Since the 1960s, when the initially small field first achieved a measure of acceptance, it has gone through a number of different phases, each with its own challenges and outcomes. Although some of the changes to the study of history have been quite obvious, such as increased numbers of books on famous women or simply the admission of greater numbers of women into the historical profession, other influences are more subtle.Public history.

Main article:describes the broad range of activities undertaken by people with some training in the discipline of history who are generally working outside of specialized academic settings. Public history practice has quite deep roots in the areas of historic preservation, archival science, oral history, museum curatorship, and other related fields. The term itself began to be used in the U.S. And Canada in the late 1970s, and the field has become increasingly professionalized since that time. Some of the most common settings for public history are museums, historic homes and historic sites, parks, battlefields, archives, film and television companies, and all levels of government. Courtesy name Huiban, was the first known female Chinese historian.Professional and amateur historians discover, collect, organize, and present information about past events.They discover this information through archaeological evidence, written primary sources from the past and other various means such as place names. In, historians can be grouped by order of the historical period in which they were writing, which is not necessarily the same as the period in which they specialized.

And, though they are not historians in the true sense, are also frequently included.The judgement of history. History books in a bookstoreIn several countries history textbooks are tools to foster nationalism and patriotism, and give students the official line about national enemies.In many countries, history textbooks are sponsored by the national government and are written to put the national heritage in the most favourable light.

For example, in Japan, mention of the has been removed from textbooks and the entire Second World War is given cursory treatment. Other countries have complained. It was standard policy in communist countries to present only a rigid Marxist historiography.In the, especially the history about and the are controversial topics. For example, was criticised for describing Africans brought to American plantations as 'workers' instead of slaves in a textbook.Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks, sometimes with success.In 21st-century Germany, the history curriculum is controlled by the 16 states, and is characterized not by superpatriotism but rather by an 'almost pacifistic and deliberately unpatriotic undertone' and reflects 'principles formulated by international organizations such as UNESCO or the Council of Europe, thus oriented towards human rights, democracy and peace.' The result is that 'German textbooks usually downplay national pride and ambitions and aim to develop an understanding of citizenship centered on democracy, progress, human rights, peace, tolerance and Europeanness.'